terça-feira, 18 de maio de 2010
domingo, 16 de maio de 2010
segunda-feira, 10 de maio de 2010
domingo, 9 de maio de 2010
terça-feira, 4 de maio de 2010
Odontometria e vedamento apical
Uma preocupação na determinação do comprimento do canal, com o vedamento apical, para que não houvesse obstrução do canal deixando espaço vazio, nem houvesse extrusão de material para além do forame apical.
sábado, 1 de maio de 2010
sexta-feira, 23 de abril de 2010
Cárie e necrose óssea. Atkison, 1876
Atkison, Wm. H.. Necrosis and caries. - Formation of pus. - Inflammation definied. The Dental Cosmos. Volume 18, Issue: 2, February, 1876, pp. 75-79
Necrosis is the generic term; caries is a specifi term, denoting the superficial form of necrosis.
All form of death of the structures of the body are examples of true necrosis. Hence the analogue of ulcer in the soft parts is caries in the hard; that of abscess in soft parts is necrosis in the bones.
In one word, wherever there is a sequestrum we have true necrosis of the books; while superficial bone sore is a case of caries.
Necrose é um termo genérico, enquanto cárie é um termo específico, que significa uma forma superficial de necrose.
Toda forma de morte da estrutura do corpo constitui-se em exemplo de verdadeira necrose. De forma que o análogo a úlcera nos tecidos moles é a cárie dos tecidos duros; enquanto o abscesso é a necrose.
De outra forma, sempre que há sequestro tem-se a necrose, enquanto alteração apenas superficial do osso é um caso de cárie.
Necrosis is the generic term; caries is a specifi term, denoting the superficial form of necrosis.
All form of death of the structures of the body are examples of true necrosis. Hence the analogue of ulcer in the soft parts is caries in the hard; that of abscess in soft parts is necrosis in the bones.
In one word, wherever there is a sequestrum we have true necrosis of the books; while superficial bone sore is a case of caries.
Necrose é um termo genérico, enquanto cárie é um termo específico, que significa uma forma superficial de necrose.
Toda forma de morte da estrutura do corpo constitui-se em exemplo de verdadeira necrose. De forma que o análogo a úlcera nos tecidos moles é a cárie dos tecidos duros; enquanto o abscesso é a necrose.
De outra forma, sempre que há sequestro tem-se a necrose, enquanto alteração apenas superficial do osso é um caso de cárie.
domingo, 21 de fevereiro de 2010
Os habitantes da boca e dos dentes - segunda parte
PARASITES. PARASITAS
The vegetative parasites which are most frequently found are tongue parasites, " leptothrix buccalis;" nevertheless their growth and propagation are nearly totally unknown. Their increase is quite extraordinary; one night is sufficient to cover the tongue and the gums with a layer of these parasites. From the intermediate space of the teeth, as well as from the root of the tongue, you can take, by a very careful observation, a whole tuft of these, if the mouth is not cleaned during twenty-four hours. The immense quantity of these plants in every mouth, in healthy as well as in diseased individuals, in animals as well as in the human subject, is proof that these structures do not show a diseased, but belong to a normal condition of the system.
Os parasitas vegetativos, que são mais frequentemente encontrados são os parasitas da língua "Buccalis Leptothrix", embora seu crescimento e propagação seja quase totalmente desconhecidos.
Their increase is quite extraordinary; one night is sufficient to cover the tongue and the gums with a layer of these parasites. From the intermediate space of the teeth, as well as from the root of the tongue, you can take, by a very careful observation, a whole tuft of these, if the mouth is not cleaned during twenty-four hours. The immense quantity of these plants in every mouth, in healthy as well as in diseased individuals, in animals as well as in the human subject, is proof that these structures do not show a diseased, but belong to a normal condition of the system.
Seu aumento é bastante extraordinário, uma noite é suficiente para cobrir a língua e as gengivas com uma camada destes parasitas. A partir do espaço interdentários, ou da raiz dentária, pode-se observar um conjunto destes microrganismos se a boca não for limpa após 24 horas.
A quantidade imensa destas plantas, tanto na saúde quanto na doença, em seres humanos ou em outros animais, revela que estas estruturas não representam doença, mas pertencem a uma condição normal do sistema.
Also called champignon du Muguet, is principally found in little children, while they still take the breast, by growth on aphthae and in carious teeth, which suffer from periostitis. This parasite is easily known, because it is larger than the parasites of the tongue. By throwing off its processes, which are formed on the ramifications of its extremities, it is always surrounded by oval, uniform cells, which settle on the mucous membrane, and which grow up like seed corns on fresh vegetables. Very often these germs of parasites are transplanted from the child to the breast of the mother, where they grow up in the " rugae" of the nipples. Varieties of these vegetables are found according to the difference of ground on which they grow, or the age, or the sex, or the disease, and so on.
Os champignon du Muguet são encontrados, em crianças lactentes, como um crescimento sobre aftas e em dentes cariados associados à periostites. Este parasita é de fácil identificação, porque é maior do que os parasitas da língua. Apresentam ramificações e corpos ovais (nas extremidades), empilhados uniformemente, sobre as mucosas. Estes germes são transplantados para o peito da mãe, crescendo no mamilo.
THE INFUSORIA most living creatures, which grow up in the mouth, as well as in every organic or animal infusion, are called vibriones.
Os infusórios são criaturas ativas que crescem na boca, bem como em infusões orgânicas ou animais, e são chamadas de VIBRIÕES.
By their immense number in carious teeth, as well as between them, some naturalists and microscopists have been induced to take these vibriones for a special variety belonging to the teeth. Neither their residence nor their way of life authorizes this denomination, because, as before stated, the same infusoria can also be produced out of the mouth, and grow up in the same manner by spontaneous division.
Devido a sua grande presença em dentes cariados, bem como entre eles, alguns naturalistas e microscopitas consideram que constituam um variedade especial de vibriões, mas não há motivos para isto.
Quite a different kind of infusoria are found in the carious dentine. As soon as the dentine is decomposed in a chemical or vegetal manner,-that is, changed into damp caries,-we find every canal of the dentine inhabited by innumerable living creatures, which are quite different from the common vibriones in their extraordinary smallness, their rapid movements, as well as in their forms, and which therefore gain the denomination of " denticolse." I have not yet succeeded in keeping these denticolve in distilled water, so as to let them grow up, as can be done with vibriones, monads, and parasites. As soon as a piece of caries has been twenty-four hours in water, there are formed vibriones, which take, after a few days, a vermiform movement. After ten or fourteen days these become vibriones spirilla, which obtain, after four or six weeks, five to six windings. These peculiar denticolae disappear, or are formed again as vibriones. The largest of the vibriones reach in the section to 1-1000 of a millimetre, and can be well seen by a magnifying glass of 500 diameters; but those of the denticole do not reach 1-10 of these; therefore they can only be seen with the best instruments, and after long practice, because the quickness of its movement is so great, it is nearly impossible to perceive its forms, and to put them on paper by drawing.
Infusórios são encontrados na dentina cariada. Depois que a dentina é decomposta pode-se observar os canais da dentina (túbulos dentinários) habitados por inúmeros seres vivos, que são muito menores que os vibriões comuns, apresentam movimentos rápidos, e forma diferente, e são denominados "dentilcose". Estes denticolses não crescem na água destilada, como os outros vibriões, mônadas e parasitas.
Mantendo pedaços de cárie em água, observa-se uma sucessão de forma ao longo de vários dias. Os vibriões maiores chegam a 1/1.000 mm, mas os denticolae não alcançam um décimo disto (1/10), exigindo microscópios mais potentes e muita prática.
The diameter of the dentinal canal is 2-1000-5-1000; therefore they are 20-100 times larger than those of the denticola; so it is very easy to explain that in a small piece of carious tooth there can be such innumerable living creatures to which the entrance to the dental pulp is open.
O diâmetro dos canais dentinários é de 2/1.000 a 5/1.000 mm, por isso são 20-100 vezes maiores do que os do denticola; por isso é muito fácil explicar que, em um pequeno pedaço de dente cariado pode haver tais criaturas inumeráveis e que a polpa é acessível a elas.
Its different forms, as periods, semicolons, commas, notes, and so forth, may come from its situation and movements. But nearly always I find again the equal forms. The drawings of my assistant and fellow-laborer, Mr. Munsch, agree perfectly with mine. Alas! the optician has not yet perfected an instrument by which we can become acquainted with the organization of these little creatures. Neither the bowels nor the moving organs can be pointed out by the strictest observation, and therefore the scholars and microscopists have such different views. Some attribute to them a very fine and composed organization; while others contradict these views totally. I cannot agree perfectly with one nor the other. Though these organs may be imperfect, nevertheless we can see their movements, and indeed very quick movements. Where we have motion, there are also moving organs. This motion may take place in a vermiform manner, which means by contraction and extension, or by cilia, but it must always be executed by muscular strength. We see the operation of these organs so distinctly that it is impossible to deny their existence.
Suas diferentes formas, como períodos de vírgulas, vírgulas, notas, e assim por diante, pode vir de sua situação e movimentos. Mas quase sempre encontro as formas iguais. Meus desenhos estão em acordo com os de meu assistente, o Sr. Munsch. Ai de mim! o oftalmologista ainda não aperfeiçoou um instrumento pelo qual podemos conhecer a organização destas pequenas criaturas. Nem as entranhas, nem os órgãos móveis podem ser apontadas pela estrita observação e, portanto, os estudiosos e microscopistas têm opiniões tão diferentes. Alguns atribuem a eles um muito fina e composta organização, enquanto outros contradizem esses pontos de vista totalmente. Não posso concordar perfeitamente com uma nem outra. Embora esses órgãos podem ser imperfeitos, no entanto, podemos ver os seus movimentos, e de movimentos realmente muito rápido. Quando temos movimento, há também que se deslocam órgãos. Esse movimento pode ocorrer de forma vermiforme, o que significa pela contração e extensão, ou de cílios, mas deve sempre ser executada por força muscular. Nós vemos o funcionamento destes órgãos tão distintamente que é impossível negar a sua existência.
There are also different views regarding the influence which the infusoria exert on the health of the teeth. My conviction is that the infusoria exert no injurious influence on the teeth. The best proof of it is-first, that in every age, as well in healthy as in diseased individuals, as well in good as in bad teeth, infusoria are found; secondly, that we find them also in animals which rarely, if ever, suffer from toothache; thirdly, that they only move in the fluid of the mouth, propagate, and cannot hurt the dentine; and in the fourth place, that in decayed teeth, in which putridity takes place, we can nearly always find them; therefore the vegetative process is very large.
Há também pontos de vista diferentes em relação à influência que os infusórios exercem sobre a saúde dos dentes. Minha convicção é que os infusórios não exercem qualquer influência prejudicial sobre os dentes. A melhor prova disso é, primeiro, que, em cada idade, bem como em indivíduos saudáveis como em indivíduos doentes, bem como nos bons como nos maus dentes, infusórios são encontrados em segundo lugar, que vamos encontrá-los também em animais que raramente, ou nunca , sofrem de dor de dente, em terceiro lugar, que apenas mover-se no líquido da boca, propagar, e não pode ferir a dentina e, em quarto lugar, que, em dentes cariados, em que a podridão acontece, podemos quase sempre encontrá-los; Portanto, o processo vegetativo é muito grande.
The vegetative parasites which are most frequently found are tongue parasites, " leptothrix buccalis;" nevertheless their growth and propagation are nearly totally unknown. Their increase is quite extraordinary; one night is sufficient to cover the tongue and the gums with a layer of these parasites. From the intermediate space of the teeth, as well as from the root of the tongue, you can take, by a very careful observation, a whole tuft of these, if the mouth is not cleaned during twenty-four hours. The immense quantity of these plants in every mouth, in healthy as well as in diseased individuals, in animals as well as in the human subject, is proof that these structures do not show a diseased, but belong to a normal condition of the system.
Os parasitas vegetativos, que são mais frequentemente encontrados são os parasitas da língua "Buccalis Leptothrix", embora seu crescimento e propagação seja quase totalmente desconhecidos.
Their increase is quite extraordinary; one night is sufficient to cover the tongue and the gums with a layer of these parasites. From the intermediate space of the teeth, as well as from the root of the tongue, you can take, by a very careful observation, a whole tuft of these, if the mouth is not cleaned during twenty-four hours. The immense quantity of these plants in every mouth, in healthy as well as in diseased individuals, in animals as well as in the human subject, is proof that these structures do not show a diseased, but belong to a normal condition of the system.
Seu aumento é bastante extraordinário, uma noite é suficiente para cobrir a língua e as gengivas com uma camada destes parasitas. A partir do espaço interdentários, ou da raiz dentária, pode-se observar um conjunto destes microrganismos se a boca não for limpa após 24 horas.
A quantidade imensa destas plantas, tanto na saúde quanto na doença, em seres humanos ou em outros animais, revela que estas estruturas não representam doença, mas pertencem a uma condição normal do sistema.
Also called champignon du Muguet, is principally found in little children, while they still take the breast, by growth on aphthae and in carious teeth, which suffer from periostitis. This parasite is easily known, because it is larger than the parasites of the tongue. By throwing off its processes, which are formed on the ramifications of its extremities, it is always surrounded by oval, uniform cells, which settle on the mucous membrane, and which grow up like seed corns on fresh vegetables. Very often these germs of parasites are transplanted from the child to the breast of the mother, where they grow up in the " rugae" of the nipples. Varieties of these vegetables are found according to the difference of ground on which they grow, or the age, or the sex, or the disease, and so on.
Os champignon du Muguet são encontrados, em crianças lactentes, como um crescimento sobre aftas e em dentes cariados associados à periostites. Este parasita é de fácil identificação, porque é maior do que os parasitas da língua. Apresentam ramificações e corpos ovais (nas extremidades), empilhados uniformemente, sobre as mucosas. Estes germes são transplantados para o peito da mãe, crescendo no mamilo.
THE INFUSORIA most living creatures, which grow up in the mouth, as well as in every organic or animal infusion, are called vibriones.
Os infusórios são criaturas ativas que crescem na boca, bem como em infusões orgânicas ou animais, e são chamadas de VIBRIÕES.
By their immense number in carious teeth, as well as between them, some naturalists and microscopists have been induced to take these vibriones for a special variety belonging to the teeth. Neither their residence nor their way of life authorizes this denomination, because, as before stated, the same infusoria can also be produced out of the mouth, and grow up in the same manner by spontaneous division.
Devido a sua grande presença em dentes cariados, bem como entre eles, alguns naturalistas e microscopitas consideram que constituam um variedade especial de vibriões, mas não há motivos para isto.
Quite a different kind of infusoria are found in the carious dentine. As soon as the dentine is decomposed in a chemical or vegetal manner,-that is, changed into damp caries,-we find every canal of the dentine inhabited by innumerable living creatures, which are quite different from the common vibriones in their extraordinary smallness, their rapid movements, as well as in their forms, and which therefore gain the denomination of " denticolse." I have not yet succeeded in keeping these denticolve in distilled water, so as to let them grow up, as can be done with vibriones, monads, and parasites. As soon as a piece of caries has been twenty-four hours in water, there are formed vibriones, which take, after a few days, a vermiform movement. After ten or fourteen days these become vibriones spirilla, which obtain, after four or six weeks, five to six windings. These peculiar denticolae disappear, or are formed again as vibriones. The largest of the vibriones reach in the section to 1-1000 of a millimetre, and can be well seen by a magnifying glass of 500 diameters; but those of the denticole do not reach 1-10 of these; therefore they can only be seen with the best instruments, and after long practice, because the quickness of its movement is so great, it is nearly impossible to perceive its forms, and to put them on paper by drawing.
Infusórios são encontrados na dentina cariada. Depois que a dentina é decomposta pode-se observar os canais da dentina (túbulos dentinários) habitados por inúmeros seres vivos, que são muito menores que os vibriões comuns, apresentam movimentos rápidos, e forma diferente, e são denominados "dentilcose". Estes denticolses não crescem na água destilada, como os outros vibriões, mônadas e parasitas.
Mantendo pedaços de cárie em água, observa-se uma sucessão de forma ao longo de vários dias. Os vibriões maiores chegam a 1/1.000 mm, mas os denticolae não alcançam um décimo disto (1/10), exigindo microscópios mais potentes e muita prática.
The diameter of the dentinal canal is 2-1000-5-1000; therefore they are 20-100 times larger than those of the denticola; so it is very easy to explain that in a small piece of carious tooth there can be such innumerable living creatures to which the entrance to the dental pulp is open.
O diâmetro dos canais dentinários é de 2/1.000 a 5/1.000 mm, por isso são 20-100 vezes maiores do que os do denticola; por isso é muito fácil explicar que, em um pequeno pedaço de dente cariado pode haver tais criaturas inumeráveis e que a polpa é acessível a elas.
Its different forms, as periods, semicolons, commas, notes, and so forth, may come from its situation and movements. But nearly always I find again the equal forms. The drawings of my assistant and fellow-laborer, Mr. Munsch, agree perfectly with mine. Alas! the optician has not yet perfected an instrument by which we can become acquainted with the organization of these little creatures. Neither the bowels nor the moving organs can be pointed out by the strictest observation, and therefore the scholars and microscopists have such different views. Some attribute to them a very fine and composed organization; while others contradict these views totally. I cannot agree perfectly with one nor the other. Though these organs may be imperfect, nevertheless we can see their movements, and indeed very quick movements. Where we have motion, there are also moving organs. This motion may take place in a vermiform manner, which means by contraction and extension, or by cilia, but it must always be executed by muscular strength. We see the operation of these organs so distinctly that it is impossible to deny their existence.
Suas diferentes formas, como períodos de vírgulas, vírgulas, notas, e assim por diante, pode vir de sua situação e movimentos. Mas quase sempre encontro as formas iguais. Meus desenhos estão em acordo com os de meu assistente, o Sr. Munsch. Ai de mim! o oftalmologista ainda não aperfeiçoou um instrumento pelo qual podemos conhecer a organização destas pequenas criaturas. Nem as entranhas, nem os órgãos móveis podem ser apontadas pela estrita observação e, portanto, os estudiosos e microscopistas têm opiniões tão diferentes. Alguns atribuem a eles um muito fina e composta organização, enquanto outros contradizem esses pontos de vista totalmente. Não posso concordar perfeitamente com uma nem outra. Embora esses órgãos podem ser imperfeitos, no entanto, podemos ver os seus movimentos, e de movimentos realmente muito rápido. Quando temos movimento, há também que se deslocam órgãos. Esse movimento pode ocorrer de forma vermiforme, o que significa pela contração e extensão, ou de cílios, mas deve sempre ser executada por força muscular. Nós vemos o funcionamento destes órgãos tão distintamente que é impossível negar a sua existência.
There are also different views regarding the influence which the infusoria exert on the health of the teeth. My conviction is that the infusoria exert no injurious influence on the teeth. The best proof of it is-first, that in every age, as well in healthy as in diseased individuals, as well in good as in bad teeth, infusoria are found; secondly, that we find them also in animals which rarely, if ever, suffer from toothache; thirdly, that they only move in the fluid of the mouth, propagate, and cannot hurt the dentine; and in the fourth place, that in decayed teeth, in which putridity takes place, we can nearly always find them; therefore the vegetative process is very large.
Há também pontos de vista diferentes em relação à influência que os infusórios exercem sobre a saúde dos dentes. Minha convicção é que os infusórios não exercem qualquer influência prejudicial sobre os dentes. A melhor prova disso é, primeiro, que, em cada idade, bem como em indivíduos saudáveis como em indivíduos doentes, bem como nos bons como nos maus dentes, infusórios são encontrados em segundo lugar, que vamos encontrá-los também em animais que raramente, ou nunca , sofrem de dor de dente, em terceiro lugar, que apenas mover-se no líquido da boca, propagar, e não pode ferir a dentina e, em quarto lugar, que, em dentes cariados, em que a podridão acontece, podemos quase sempre encontrá-los; Portanto, o processo vegetativo é muito grande.
Os habitantes da boca e dos dentes - primeira parte
Schroot. The inhabitants of the mouth and the teeth. The Dental Cosmos. 10 (12), 1868.
Translated by Adolf Petermann, Munich, Bavaria.
PREPOSITION. THE applause which I received last year at our meeting at Hamburg, as well as the invitation of some of my friends and colleagues, induced me to keep my promise, and to publish my work about the " Inhabitants of the Mouth and the Teeth." The progress of this work shall not be a scientific essay on micrography, or on natural history, but rather a motive or incentive to further investigation in the practice of dentistry in this dominion.
Agradece os incentivos em publicar seus achados, e motiva outros a futuras investigações.
I would like to call the attention of my colleagues to this unexplored field in our profession, to show them, in a very evident manner, nature in petto. Particularly would I like to speak to you with living arguments, to show you how, with every atom of caries which remains behind after the cleaning of a decayed tooth, thousands of plants and living creatures will be inclosed by the fillings, and grow up at the expense of the teeth, to increase and hasten the decline of these noble organs.
Alerta para a presença residual de microrganismos, mesmo após a limpeza dos dentes cariados, e para o seu papel no declínio do dente.
Further, I would like to mention all those endless things which are found as well in the healthy as in the diseased mouth. Some of them are known, some of them are totally unknown; which brings several important results, as well by chemical analysis as by microscopical examinations. It belongs to us to search out the diseases of the teeth, as well as the cause, and to stop their progress; then only are we able to correctly observe them, because we are occupied in this manner every day. I would like to advise every one of my colleagues to arrange a small laboratory, and to procure a good microscope;
Menciona a presença dos microrganismos na saúde e na doença, destacando que alguns já são conhecidos, mas muitos são desconhecidos. E instiga outros a montarem seu laboratório de microscopia.
therewith he can employ his leisure time in a manner agreeable to himself and useful to science. The more he becomes acquainted with these two branches of the science, the more he will be interested in them. He will, like the alchemist, find many things which he did not look for, and which are often worth more than they at first appeared to be.
Afirma que ao se tornar familiarizado com a ciência, muitas coisas poderão ser desvendadas.
INTRODUCTION. For the study of the inhabitants of the mouth and the teeth, at first we need a microscope, which magnifies seven to eight hundred diameters. The want of room does not allow me to give instructions as to its right use, and it would be wise for the practitioner to procure a good book to use his instrument with advantage. But, though possessing the best instrument and directions, the beginner will have to overcome many obstacles and difficulties, till he has obtained sufficient practice in the setting up of his preparations to accustom his eyes to the sight of infinitesimal objects, and to separate truth from fiction.
Indica a necessidade de um microscopio com capacidade mínima de aumentar entre 700 e 800 vezes, e que o iniciante terá que treinar, para analisar corretamente o que verá.
One of the greatest difficulties is Brown's movement. The attractive power of the homogeneous, as well as the repulsion of heterogeneous molecules, cause in the fluid, which lies under examination before the microscope, a perpetual movement, by which these molecules appear to be endowed with life, but which is only the result of the working of these forces. The circulation is caused either by the drying up of the fluid, or by its ingredients, or its overflow, which, though easily recognized, may be very prejudicial to the examination. To delusions which are caused by the eyes themselves, there belong so-called "muscee volitantes," which are produced by the secretion of the Meibomian glands, and pass over the range of vision as slimy threads, in which are found Again small cells and other foreign bodies, which have to be carefully separated from peculiar objects. Besides this, the change of temperature, as well as the moistening of the eyes, if experiments be made in a cold room, and the dust and all foreign bodies, are obstacles to a strict observation.
Prepara o iniciante para os fenômenos que podem causar confusão, tais como movimento browniano das partículas, o movimento dos fluidos e as alterações oculares.
THE INHABITANTS. (Os habitantes)
Before we proceed to the strict description of the inhabitants of the mouth and the teeth, I would like to explain what I properly understand under this denomination. In our last meeting at Hamburg, I showed as well as possible the different structures of the three kingdoms of nature, as they are ordinarily or casually found in the mouth.
Explica que usa o termo habitante para diferenciar de outros que podem casualmente está na boca.
Here are also included all pathological products, as well as those substances which are casually brought in by food and drink, and which rest between or in the carious teeth, under artificial teeth, or anywhere else in the mouth, and which produce more or less influence on the health of the teeth. Musce volitantes are attributed by oculists to derangement of the retina or of the digestive organs.
Informa que podem inclusive haver produtos trazidos pelos alimentos e bebidas.
Passing over to the strict introduction, we find at first in the mouth THE SALIVA.
Primeiro "nicho" - A SALIVA
The saliva contains in its normal condition no hard or visible bodies: it is perfectly transparent and fluid. As soon as it spreads itself on the mucous membrane of the mouth, and mixes itself with its secretion, we find the different foreign bodies to which I will return hereafter. If you put saliva on a glass, and place it under the microscope, you will find a crystallization.
A saliva não possui habitantes assim que produzida. Se for permitido a desidratação, ocorre formação de cristais.
THE SECRETION OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE MOUTH. The secretion of the glands of the mucous membrane of the mouth is perfectly transparent, a little yellow, and does not contain any foreign bodies, such as epithelial cells. The slime bodies, as they are found in the mouth, are here first formed by the admission of the saliva. If dry, the saliva forms regular crystals. Besides this, there are found numerous crystals in the mouth which are brought there, for the most part, casually; but their description would occupy too much time.
A secreção da mucosa também não inclui organismos.
THE VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES. To the vegetable structures belong at first the parasite cells, or the tooth fungi, "protococcus dentalis." As soon as a separating or disturbing cause has begun to operate on the enamel, the vegetable cells begin to grow. Like the moss on the roofs, the green sequestrations on the teeth are vegetable structures, which push their processes between the more or less porous structure on which they exist, while they suck out and destroy the structure, at whose expense they increase and multiply. Such is the work of the fungus on the dentine. The wood fungus js a good example of this; it eats through beams. and will have such an effect on the living tree that it will cause its death. The principal cause of the destruction of the teeth must be a parasitic, luxuriant, vegetable growth, which is always found where sour fermentation or putridity takes place.
Sobre o esmalte dos dentes crescerão os fungos dos dentes "protococcus dentalis". Crescem como os musgos nos telhados, sobre os dentes (estas estruturas vegetais) empurram os processos por seus poros e sugam e destroem a estrutura, à custa do que aumentam e se multiplicam. Esse é o trabalho dos fungos sobre a dentina. O fungo na madeira é um bom exemplo disto. Comem e causam a morte da árvore. A principal causa da destruição dos dentes deve ser um parasita, cujo crescimento vegeral exuberante resulta em fermentação ácida ou podridão.
Translated by Adolf Petermann, Munich, Bavaria.
PREPOSITION. THE applause which I received last year at our meeting at Hamburg, as well as the invitation of some of my friends and colleagues, induced me to keep my promise, and to publish my work about the " Inhabitants of the Mouth and the Teeth." The progress of this work shall not be a scientific essay on micrography, or on natural history, but rather a motive or incentive to further investigation in the practice of dentistry in this dominion.
Agradece os incentivos em publicar seus achados, e motiva outros a futuras investigações.
I would like to call the attention of my colleagues to this unexplored field in our profession, to show them, in a very evident manner, nature in petto. Particularly would I like to speak to you with living arguments, to show you how, with every atom of caries which remains behind after the cleaning of a decayed tooth, thousands of plants and living creatures will be inclosed by the fillings, and grow up at the expense of the teeth, to increase and hasten the decline of these noble organs.
Alerta para a presença residual de microrganismos, mesmo após a limpeza dos dentes cariados, e para o seu papel no declínio do dente.
Further, I would like to mention all those endless things which are found as well in the healthy as in the diseased mouth. Some of them are known, some of them are totally unknown; which brings several important results, as well by chemical analysis as by microscopical examinations. It belongs to us to search out the diseases of the teeth, as well as the cause, and to stop their progress; then only are we able to correctly observe them, because we are occupied in this manner every day. I would like to advise every one of my colleagues to arrange a small laboratory, and to procure a good microscope;
Menciona a presença dos microrganismos na saúde e na doença, destacando que alguns já são conhecidos, mas muitos são desconhecidos. E instiga outros a montarem seu laboratório de microscopia.
therewith he can employ his leisure time in a manner agreeable to himself and useful to science. The more he becomes acquainted with these two branches of the science, the more he will be interested in them. He will, like the alchemist, find many things which he did not look for, and which are often worth more than they at first appeared to be.
Afirma que ao se tornar familiarizado com a ciência, muitas coisas poderão ser desvendadas.
INTRODUCTION. For the study of the inhabitants of the mouth and the teeth, at first we need a microscope, which magnifies seven to eight hundred diameters. The want of room does not allow me to give instructions as to its right use, and it would be wise for the practitioner to procure a good book to use his instrument with advantage. But, though possessing the best instrument and directions, the beginner will have to overcome many obstacles and difficulties, till he has obtained sufficient practice in the setting up of his preparations to accustom his eyes to the sight of infinitesimal objects, and to separate truth from fiction.
Indica a necessidade de um microscopio com capacidade mínima de aumentar entre 700 e 800 vezes, e que o iniciante terá que treinar, para analisar corretamente o que verá.
One of the greatest difficulties is Brown's movement. The attractive power of the homogeneous, as well as the repulsion of heterogeneous molecules, cause in the fluid, which lies under examination before the microscope, a perpetual movement, by which these molecules appear to be endowed with life, but which is only the result of the working of these forces. The circulation is caused either by the drying up of the fluid, or by its ingredients, or its overflow, which, though easily recognized, may be very prejudicial to the examination. To delusions which are caused by the eyes themselves, there belong so-called "muscee volitantes," which are produced by the secretion of the Meibomian glands, and pass over the range of vision as slimy threads, in which are found Again small cells and other foreign bodies, which have to be carefully separated from peculiar objects. Besides this, the change of temperature, as well as the moistening of the eyes, if experiments be made in a cold room, and the dust and all foreign bodies, are obstacles to a strict observation.
Prepara o iniciante para os fenômenos que podem causar confusão, tais como movimento browniano das partículas, o movimento dos fluidos e as alterações oculares.
THE INHABITANTS. (Os habitantes)
Before we proceed to the strict description of the inhabitants of the mouth and the teeth, I would like to explain what I properly understand under this denomination. In our last meeting at Hamburg, I showed as well as possible the different structures of the three kingdoms of nature, as they are ordinarily or casually found in the mouth.
Explica que usa o termo habitante para diferenciar de outros que podem casualmente está na boca.
Here are also included all pathological products, as well as those substances which are casually brought in by food and drink, and which rest between or in the carious teeth, under artificial teeth, or anywhere else in the mouth, and which produce more or less influence on the health of the teeth. Musce volitantes are attributed by oculists to derangement of the retina or of the digestive organs.
Informa que podem inclusive haver produtos trazidos pelos alimentos e bebidas.
Passing over to the strict introduction, we find at first in the mouth THE SALIVA.
Primeiro "nicho" - A SALIVA
The saliva contains in its normal condition no hard or visible bodies: it is perfectly transparent and fluid. As soon as it spreads itself on the mucous membrane of the mouth, and mixes itself with its secretion, we find the different foreign bodies to which I will return hereafter. If you put saliva on a glass, and place it under the microscope, you will find a crystallization.
A saliva não possui habitantes assim que produzida. Se for permitido a desidratação, ocorre formação de cristais.
THE SECRETION OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE MOUTH. The secretion of the glands of the mucous membrane of the mouth is perfectly transparent, a little yellow, and does not contain any foreign bodies, such as epithelial cells. The slime bodies, as they are found in the mouth, are here first formed by the admission of the saliva. If dry, the saliva forms regular crystals. Besides this, there are found numerous crystals in the mouth which are brought there, for the most part, casually; but their description would occupy too much time.
A secreção da mucosa também não inclui organismos.
THE VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES. To the vegetable structures belong at first the parasite cells, or the tooth fungi, "protococcus dentalis." As soon as a separating or disturbing cause has begun to operate on the enamel, the vegetable cells begin to grow. Like the moss on the roofs, the green sequestrations on the teeth are vegetable structures, which push their processes between the more or less porous structure on which they exist, while they suck out and destroy the structure, at whose expense they increase and multiply. Such is the work of the fungus on the dentine. The wood fungus js a good example of this; it eats through beams. and will have such an effect on the living tree that it will cause its death. The principal cause of the destruction of the teeth must be a parasitic, luxuriant, vegetable growth, which is always found where sour fermentation or putridity takes place.
Sobre o esmalte dos dentes crescerão os fungos dos dentes "protococcus dentalis". Crescem como os musgos nos telhados, sobre os dentes (estas estruturas vegetais) empurram os processos por seus poros e sugam e destroem a estrutura, à custa do que aumentam e se multiplicam. Esse é o trabalho dos fungos sobre a dentina. O fungo na madeira é um bom exemplo disto. Comem e causam a morte da árvore. A principal causa da destruição dos dentes deve ser um parasita, cujo crescimento vegeral exuberante resulta em fermentação ácida ou podridão.
quinta-feira, 18 de fevereiro de 2010
Cirurgia de acesso à câmara pulpar e canais radiculares
THE DENTAL COSMOS, 18678 (7): 355-357
DEVITALIZING AND REMOVING DENTAL PULPS.
BY J. S. LATIMER, D.D.S., NEW YORK.
THE first part of my subject has had so much said and written upon it, and is such an everyday process in our operating rooms, that I cannot expect to advance any new ideas upon it, but shall content myself with a description of the method I commonly practice, with cursory reference to others.
Some gentlemen who claim not to require the assistance of arsenious acid-tell us that they uncover the pulp thoroughly, apply creosote, move the pulp from side to side with a hatchet excavator to permit the creosote to work well up to the foramen, then, when the pulp is thoroughly obtunded, they remove it with a broach, and are ready to fill the canal, all within thirty minutes from the uncapping. Others omit the creosote, and plunge the broach at once, and without notification, into the pulsating pulp.
The descriptions of the agony endured, and of the subsequent nervous prostration, have, combined with the golden rule, prevented me from trying this method. When arsenic fails (as it sometimes will) I have tried to obtund the sensibility of the pulp with creosote, chloroform, and tr. aconite separately applied, but have met with very little success. In such cases I have sometimes put the patient under the influence of an anesthetic, the safest and best I have employed being nitrous oxide.
If Dr. Richardson's method shall come into general use, or shall prove as efficient as it now promises, we shall have little need of arsenious acid. No longer ago than yesterday (July 6th) I examined two teeth in one mouth, against the pulps of which arsenical paste had been plastered for four days, and yet those pulps were as lively as possible, responding to the first attempt to tickle them. I have had them so after several weeks' contact with the destructive agent. Extirpation under the influence of a local or general anaesthetic is the only resort left of which I am aware.
As to my method of applying the paste, I have nothing peculiar. The pulp being fairly exposed and the cavity dried, I take up a small particle of the thick paste on the point of an excavator and carefully plaster it upon the pulp, then cover with a small pellet of cotton-wool. Next a piece of adhesive wax is melted on one of Wood's pluggers and permitted to run on and saturate the cotton. This I deem far better than sandarac varnish, for the reason that it has no alcohol to dilute the creosote and has no disagreeable taste. Some cover the paste with dry cotton alone, and profess to have results quite as good as with wax or varnish in the cotton. They may be right, but the fear that in mastication the cotton may become displaced and that some of the arsenious acid may be brought in contact with the gum, has so far prevented me from trying it. Besides, I am of the opinion that creosote tends to lessen the pain consequent on the action of arsenic, and hence wish to prevent its dilution by the saliva. If a pellet of cotton saturated with varnish, a plug of wax or gutta-percha, is forced into the cavity over the medicine, it will generally produce pain by pressure, and is liable to force some portion of the medicine out of the cavity and in contact with the gum. Sometimes a mixture of paraffin and wax will be found preferable to wax alone, as it melts at a much lower temperature.
If, from sensibility of the tooth or the fears of the patient, I am unable to fully expose the pulp at first, I excavate as much as possible under the circumstances, apply the medicine, and send the patient away, with the request to call next day, at which time I am able to excavate thoroughly, and apply the medicine to my satisfaction. The arsenious acid is left in the tooth from one to four days, then removed, and the cavity left open to prevent discoloration, though I recently had a superior lateral incisor discolor in spite of all my care. In from eight to fourteen days I remove the pulp, though I do not often find the dead tissue separated from the living by suppuration, even in two weeks. Generally a little pain follows the application of traction.
Preliminary to the removal of the pulp is cutting away with drill or chisel such portions of the crown as I may deem essential in order to get free access to the roots.
In the cases of the molars and bicuspids this would always include opening through the grinding surface with chisels and drills, while in other teeth the approximal or palatal surfaces are preferred.
In any case free access must be had to pass a straight broach into the canal, or we cannot be sure of our operation.
This preliminary attended to, we may select a well-cut broach of size corresponding to the supposed caliber of the canal.
Thus, for a superior incisor, canine, or the palatal root of a superior molar, the larger instrument will answer a better purpose, but in other canals smaller ones will be required.
In removing pulps from the posterior teeth it will be found convenient to cut off nearly all of the handle, and in some cases it may be made even shorter than that, and a globule of sealing-wax melted on to the shaft to assist in rotating it. Broach-holders and long handles are only in the way.
Having selected the broach, dried the cavity, and mopped it with creosote, we pass the broach gently, carefully, and without rotating, as nearly to the apex as possible, and then steadily rotate it three or four times, or until we feel sure it has wound the pulp upon itself, then withdraw. Occasionally you will split the pulp from one extremity to the other; frequently you will fail to get more than a trace of pulp; but you must persevere, take a new broach and try again.
Do not cease your efforts to remove the pulp until you are sure you have it all, or, at least, have done your very best.
I know that even at six and a quarter cents each, broaches are really the most expensive instruments we use when we are faithful to our trust; but we should remember that the benefit of a perfect operation is to accrue mainly to the patient, and that the patient is to pay the expense of time, labor, and material.
Economy in broaches is penny wisdom and pound folly.
In a large proportion of cases I am unable to remove all the pulp from the canals of the buccal roots of superior molars, and too often I cannot even find them.
The canals of the anterior roots of inferior molars and those of the first superior bicuspids are often the objects of prolonged and perplexing search. In such cases it is a doubtful expedient to make canals with a drill, as some have taught.
A better method, to my mind, is to saturate the tooth with creosote, or, which is sometimes more practicable, to place a little dry tannin where canals ought to be, and fill immediately. It is consoling to believe that if the canal is so small that we cannot find it, or, finding, cannot introduce a very fine broach, the amount of destructible matter in it is very small, and, even if it should fail to be converted into the tannate or carbolate of albumen, can do but little injury.
quarta-feira, 17 de fevereiro de 2010
Odontoblastos?
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TEETH.
J. S. LATIMER
The Dental Cosmos, 8 (5): 234-238, 1866.
The dental pulp is composed of arteries, veins, nerves, and intermediate substance; the whole, according to Sir Thomas Bell, inclosed by a thin, delicate, vascular membrane, closely attached to it by vessels. Some authorities insist that, besides this thin membrane of which mention has been made, another and thicker one lines the pulp cavity, and is firmly adherent to its walls. Harris not only claimed the existence of this membrane, but believed it to be the especial seat of inflammation which was styled endo-dontitis.
A polpa dentária é composta de artérias, veias, nervos e substância intermediária; o conjunto, de acordo com Sir Thomas Bell, é constituída por uma membrana vascular, fina e delicada, intimamente ligada a seus vasos. Algumas autoridades insistem que, além desta membrana, outra mais espessa delineia a cavidade pulpar, e está firmemente aderida às suas paredes. Harris não apenas fala da existência desta membrana, mas acredita estar relacionada à inflamação - endodontite.
Proposta para preparar e obturar canais por LATIMER 1866
Latimer, C.E. Filling Pulp Cavities. The Dental Cosmos. 7 (10): 531-532, 1866.
FILLING PULP CAVITIES
BY C. E. LATIMER, D.D.S., NEW YORK.
UNTIL within the last eight or ten months I have been dissatisfied with my efforts at filling the roots of teeth, and have been earnestly wishing and searching for some better plan.
Expressa o desejo de obter uma forma mais adequada de obturar os canais radiculares.
It is true that those easy of access could be filled with gold foil quite compactly, but the great majority were not of this class, and when I had used my best efforts, I could not feel satisfied that the fillings were what they ought to be. Some of the roots I found so small and tortuous as to admit only the finest broach, and if I succeeded in getting gold half way to the apex it was all I could do, and in many cases I was not even thus fortunate, where, from the inaccessible position, I could not succeed in getting a particle of gold in the root.
Apresenta a dificuldade de obturar canais finos e tortuosos, observando que ficam incompletamente obturados.
Moreover, in order to obtain the free access requisite for a foil filling, much of the strength of the tooth frequently had to be sacrificed.
Avalia que para avançar no interior do canal, frequentemente ocorre enfraquecimento excessivo da estrutura da raiz dentária.
This was a grave objection and gave me much trouble. With regard to enlarging the canals, my experience has not been very flattering. Those which did not need it, could be drilled out, but those which really did require it, were not improved by my efforts. A shoulder would often be formed half way to the foramen, against which the filling would lodge, and all attempts to get a plugger further were useless. If a fine broach, such as would go into those small, crooked canals, were used, it must first be annealed, otherwise a few revolutions would fracture it, and when thus annealed it would not cut; hence I have given up all attempts at enlarging the canals, except in a few rare cases where I enlarge the foramen for the treatment of alveolar abscess.
Cita que ocorrem perfurações, dificuldades de avançar, formação de ombros a meio caminho, e, ainda, fratura de instrumento no interior do canal.
I do not belong to that class who believe that cotton is the best material for filling pulp cavities.
Não acredita que algodão seja o melhor material obturador.
It is true, my experience has not been extensive in this direction, but I have taken out a few cotton fillings from the roots of ulcerated teeth, the odor of which has constrained me to rejoice that my experience was thus limited. I cannot say whether the cotton was put in with the mallet in these cases or not. Other operators may have a different class of teeth to work upon from those which come to me; indeed, I am frequently inclined to think so when I hear first-class authority talk about malleting gold to the apex of the root, or when I see the immense nerve broaches and pluggers in the market, and which are so favorably spoken of by everybody.
Descreve o estado repugnante de algodão removido de dentes tratados. E ironiza que os canais que chegam aos outros dentistas devem ser muito diferentes do que chegam no consultório dele, visto as dimensões enormes dos instrumentos utilizados.
My present plan is as follows: after having used the Nos. 2 and 3 Swiss broaches for removing the nerves from teeth as directed by my brother, Dr. J. S. Latimer, in the DENTAL COSMOS a few months ago, I prepare them for use by burnishing them upon a hard surface until they are rendered sufficiently stiff and elastic. This should smooth down the barbs and leave them straight.
Utiliza sonda 2 e 3 para remover o "nervo", após o que aplica um polimento sobre uma superfície dura para que tornem alisadas e elásticas e retas.
I now cut a strip of gold foil (Nos. 4 or 5 preferred) from one-fourth to half an inch wide, depending upon the size of the foramen; this is firmly rolled upon the broach, being sure that the point is covered.
Corta uma fita de ouro e cobre a sonda (enrolando).
It may now be clipped off of suitable lengths for filling the root, dipped in creosote, and forced. into the canal. In many cases the mallet may be employed to advantage by using a plugger with a slight concavity in the working end, which will prevent. the end of the broach from slipping, and drive it firmly into the foramen, thereby closing it pretty effectually.
Mergulha em creosote e força no canal para obturá-lo. Utiliza materlo para forçá-lo até o forame.
If the canal will permit it, other broaches similarly prepared may be forced in around this until the root shall be filled; or, if large, gold foil may be packed in around the broaches, a part of the distance.
Se for necessário, indica a inserção de outras sondas (preparadas da mesma forma) ao redor da sonda principal, ou, a inserção de folha de ouro.
I feel confident that after a fair trial this method will be highly prized by many, and especially for small tortuous canals, or in cases where the cavity of decay is almost at a right angle with the canals. It is really gratifying to know how little space is requisite to enable a careful operator to remove a pulp and fill a canal with these broaches
Sente-se confiante em relação a aceitação desta abordagem e de seu sucesso, especialmente em casos de canais curtos e tortuosos e quando a cavidade da cárie está em ângulo reto com o canal.
FILLING PULP CAVITIES
BY C. E. LATIMER, D.D.S., NEW YORK.
UNTIL within the last eight or ten months I have been dissatisfied with my efforts at filling the roots of teeth, and have been earnestly wishing and searching for some better plan.
Expressa o desejo de obter uma forma mais adequada de obturar os canais radiculares.
It is true that those easy of access could be filled with gold foil quite compactly, but the great majority were not of this class, and when I had used my best efforts, I could not feel satisfied that the fillings were what they ought to be. Some of the roots I found so small and tortuous as to admit only the finest broach, and if I succeeded in getting gold half way to the apex it was all I could do, and in many cases I was not even thus fortunate, where, from the inaccessible position, I could not succeed in getting a particle of gold in the root.
Apresenta a dificuldade de obturar canais finos e tortuosos, observando que ficam incompletamente obturados.
Moreover, in order to obtain the free access requisite for a foil filling, much of the strength of the tooth frequently had to be sacrificed.
Avalia que para avançar no interior do canal, frequentemente ocorre enfraquecimento excessivo da estrutura da raiz dentária.
This was a grave objection and gave me much trouble. With regard to enlarging the canals, my experience has not been very flattering. Those which did not need it, could be drilled out, but those which really did require it, were not improved by my efforts. A shoulder would often be formed half way to the foramen, against which the filling would lodge, and all attempts to get a plugger further were useless. If a fine broach, such as would go into those small, crooked canals, were used, it must first be annealed, otherwise a few revolutions would fracture it, and when thus annealed it would not cut; hence I have given up all attempts at enlarging the canals, except in a few rare cases where I enlarge the foramen for the treatment of alveolar abscess.
Cita que ocorrem perfurações, dificuldades de avançar, formação de ombros a meio caminho, e, ainda, fratura de instrumento no interior do canal.
I do not belong to that class who believe that cotton is the best material for filling pulp cavities.
Não acredita que algodão seja o melhor material obturador.
It is true, my experience has not been extensive in this direction, but I have taken out a few cotton fillings from the roots of ulcerated teeth, the odor of which has constrained me to rejoice that my experience was thus limited. I cannot say whether the cotton was put in with the mallet in these cases or not. Other operators may have a different class of teeth to work upon from those which come to me; indeed, I am frequently inclined to think so when I hear first-class authority talk about malleting gold to the apex of the root, or when I see the immense nerve broaches and pluggers in the market, and which are so favorably spoken of by everybody.
Descreve o estado repugnante de algodão removido de dentes tratados. E ironiza que os canais que chegam aos outros dentistas devem ser muito diferentes do que chegam no consultório dele, visto as dimensões enormes dos instrumentos utilizados.
My present plan is as follows: after having used the Nos. 2 and 3 Swiss broaches for removing the nerves from teeth as directed by my brother, Dr. J. S. Latimer, in the DENTAL COSMOS a few months ago, I prepare them for use by burnishing them upon a hard surface until they are rendered sufficiently stiff and elastic. This should smooth down the barbs and leave them straight.
Utiliza sonda 2 e 3 para remover o "nervo", após o que aplica um polimento sobre uma superfície dura para que tornem alisadas e elásticas e retas.
I now cut a strip of gold foil (Nos. 4 or 5 preferred) from one-fourth to half an inch wide, depending upon the size of the foramen; this is firmly rolled upon the broach, being sure that the point is covered.
Corta uma fita de ouro e cobre a sonda (enrolando).
It may now be clipped off of suitable lengths for filling the root, dipped in creosote, and forced. into the canal. In many cases the mallet may be employed to advantage by using a plugger with a slight concavity in the working end, which will prevent. the end of the broach from slipping, and drive it firmly into the foramen, thereby closing it pretty effectually.
Mergulha em creosote e força no canal para obturá-lo. Utiliza materlo para forçá-lo até o forame.
If the canal will permit it, other broaches similarly prepared may be forced in around this until the root shall be filled; or, if large, gold foil may be packed in around the broaches, a part of the distance.
Se for necessário, indica a inserção de outras sondas (preparadas da mesma forma) ao redor da sonda principal, ou, a inserção de folha de ouro.
I feel confident that after a fair trial this method will be highly prized by many, and especially for small tortuous canals, or in cases where the cavity of decay is almost at a right angle with the canals. It is really gratifying to know how little space is requisite to enable a careful operator to remove a pulp and fill a canal with these broaches
Sente-se confiante em relação a aceitação desta abordagem e de seu sucesso, especialmente em casos de canais curtos e tortuosos e quando a cavidade da cárie está em ângulo reto com o canal.
Uma reflexão sobre a anatomia da limas e dos canais
Latimer, J.S. Dental Instruments. The Dental Cosmos. 7 (7): 178-180, 1865.
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS
BY J. S. LATIMER, D.D.S.
COMBINING, as our profession does, the physician, surgeon, and mechanician in one person, few avocations require greater learning, skill, and patient industry to enable us to perform the delicate and often difficult operations required.
We have not the selection and complete control of our materials, but are compelled to operate in all manner of out-of-the-way cavities, in mouths small and moist-on sensitive teeth for nervous patients, and often under such disadvantages that, with the greatest facilities afforded by the very many useful inventions at hand, we cannot say
"behold, it is very good I" How dentists of twenty-five years ago managed to produce even as good work as they did with the coarse and unwieldy instruments then in use, it is difficult for us to realize. It must be remembered that few roots were filled, and almost as few cavities compounded of more than one surface.
With the introduction of adhesive gold, or rather of the welding and interdigitation of the gold in plugging teeth, came a very decided improvement in instruments, assisted very materially by the cordial interchange of ideas, through our colleges, journals, and societies.
At this time, gentlemen are exhibiting their instruments and their processes to their fellow-practitioners with a frankness truly admirable, and the consequence is we are attaining a considerable degree of perfection in our manipulative skill.
Of other instruments I may speak in particular at a future time, but my object in this paper is to call attention to those for operating in the roots of teeth.
Some months ago, my brother published in the DENTAL COSMOS (January, 1865) the result of his observations of the roots of teeth and the shapes of their canals. The collection of specimens of which he there speaks, and which he has contributed to the museum of the New York College of Dentistry, shows that the canals lessen in diameter as age advances, and that in flattened canals there is often a closing together in the centre, which divides the pulp, and makes two where only one existed in youth. Of inferior molars, the anterior root was often so partitioned, but several of these teeth showed four distinct canals. Of course these canals are very minute, and often somewhat tortuous.
Some gentlemen say they remove the pulp perfectly and fill to the apices of the roots, but a very large majority are extremely happy if they make even a tolerably fair approximation, especially in the molars.
One very good reason why we have been compelled to content ourselves with such marked imperfection in the removal of pulps and filling of the canals is the very inadequate idea instrument-makers seem to have of the smallness of those canals.
Dr. Palmer's nerve-pluggers were, no doubt, made much smaller to the doctor's first order and according to the pattern furnished than the present bungling things.
Who can fill any but the largest canals with the best instruments obtainable from the manufacturers? The canals are rarely round; the instruments always so.
It is nonsense to attempt to enlarge the canal of a first superior bicuspid root, an anterior canal of an inferior molar, or either of the buccal canals of a superior molar, with a stiff, straight drill. Generally more harm than good comes of attempting it.
For removing the pulp we have been provided with instruments which it would be impossible to pass into the buccal roots of a superior molar.
We have also been supplied with Swiss broaches, generally coarse, and very imperfectly prepared, the best of which offered to the dentists of New York are made by Mr. Sutton, of the late firm of Sutton and Raynor.
But even these were quite coarse, and though very well barbed, were badly injured in annealing. Meeting with difficulties from the causes enumerated, I set myself to work to devise means of overcoming them to as great a degree as the circumstances would admit.
I procured the finest Swiss broaches imported, annealed them carefully in a closed brass tube, cooled them very slowly, and found I had a tough broach that would enter almost any canal. The barbing is effected with a thin edged instrument in such a manner as to give some thirty sharp barbs without materially weakening the broach.
After testing these broaches myself I became convinced that they were better adapted to our purposes than any I had seen offered at the dental depots, and gave some to a few prominent gentlemen in the profession, some of whom have declared themselves pleased with their operation.
I do not claim that all pulps can be completely removed with these broaches, nor do I claim that such a desideratum will never be accomplished, but I believe they are superior to any yet offered. I have been urged to supply the profession with them, and have concluded to do so at the lowest price I have ever heard of prepared broaches being sold at, namely, seventy-five cents per dozen.
In the mean time, I will be most happy to give any gentleman such information (if any further is needed) as shall enable him, with a little practice, to prepare them for himself. As to the enlarging of the canals, this is best accomplished when the root is not too much bent, by rotating in it a fine broach with the temper drawn to a spring, or it may, in part, be accomplished with properly-shaped hoes.
The Palmer pluggers, considerably attenuated by filing or grinding, answer a very good purpose for introducing and condensing the gold. In closing, I will say that in very much flattened canals the pulp is frequently split, and a part of it left in, while enough is brought away evidently reaching to the apex of the root to make the dentist feel certain that all has been removed. Attention to this fact will save some trouble to the patient.
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS
BY J. S. LATIMER, D.D.S.
COMBINING, as our profession does, the physician, surgeon, and mechanician in one person, few avocations require greater learning, skill, and patient industry to enable us to perform the delicate and often difficult operations required.
We have not the selection and complete control of our materials, but are compelled to operate in all manner of out-of-the-way cavities, in mouths small and moist-on sensitive teeth for nervous patients, and often under such disadvantages that, with the greatest facilities afforded by the very many useful inventions at hand, we cannot say
"behold, it is very good I" How dentists of twenty-five years ago managed to produce even as good work as they did with the coarse and unwieldy instruments then in use, it is difficult for us to realize. It must be remembered that few roots were filled, and almost as few cavities compounded of more than one surface.
With the introduction of adhesive gold, or rather of the welding and interdigitation of the gold in plugging teeth, came a very decided improvement in instruments, assisted very materially by the cordial interchange of ideas, through our colleges, journals, and societies.
At this time, gentlemen are exhibiting their instruments and their processes to their fellow-practitioners with a frankness truly admirable, and the consequence is we are attaining a considerable degree of perfection in our manipulative skill.
Of other instruments I may speak in particular at a future time, but my object in this paper is to call attention to those for operating in the roots of teeth.
Some months ago, my brother published in the DENTAL COSMOS (January, 1865) the result of his observations of the roots of teeth and the shapes of their canals. The collection of specimens of which he there speaks, and which he has contributed to the museum of the New York College of Dentistry, shows that the canals lessen in diameter as age advances, and that in flattened canals there is often a closing together in the centre, which divides the pulp, and makes two where only one existed in youth. Of inferior molars, the anterior root was often so partitioned, but several of these teeth showed four distinct canals. Of course these canals are very minute, and often somewhat tortuous.
Some gentlemen say they remove the pulp perfectly and fill to the apices of the roots, but a very large majority are extremely happy if they make even a tolerably fair approximation, especially in the molars.
One very good reason why we have been compelled to content ourselves with such marked imperfection in the removal of pulps and filling of the canals is the very inadequate idea instrument-makers seem to have of the smallness of those canals.
Dr. Palmer's nerve-pluggers were, no doubt, made much smaller to the doctor's first order and according to the pattern furnished than the present bungling things.
Who can fill any but the largest canals with the best instruments obtainable from the manufacturers? The canals are rarely round; the instruments always so.
It is nonsense to attempt to enlarge the canal of a first superior bicuspid root, an anterior canal of an inferior molar, or either of the buccal canals of a superior molar, with a stiff, straight drill. Generally more harm than good comes of attempting it.
For removing the pulp we have been provided with instruments which it would be impossible to pass into the buccal roots of a superior molar.
We have also been supplied with Swiss broaches, generally coarse, and very imperfectly prepared, the best of which offered to the dentists of New York are made by Mr. Sutton, of the late firm of Sutton and Raynor.
But even these were quite coarse, and though very well barbed, were badly injured in annealing. Meeting with difficulties from the causes enumerated, I set myself to work to devise means of overcoming them to as great a degree as the circumstances would admit.
I procured the finest Swiss broaches imported, annealed them carefully in a closed brass tube, cooled them very slowly, and found I had a tough broach that would enter almost any canal. The barbing is effected with a thin edged instrument in such a manner as to give some thirty sharp barbs without materially weakening the broach.
After testing these broaches myself I became convinced that they were better adapted to our purposes than any I had seen offered at the dental depots, and gave some to a few prominent gentlemen in the profession, some of whom have declared themselves pleased with their operation.
I do not claim that all pulps can be completely removed with these broaches, nor do I claim that such a desideratum will never be accomplished, but I believe they are superior to any yet offered. I have been urged to supply the profession with them, and have concluded to do so at the lowest price I have ever heard of prepared broaches being sold at, namely, seventy-five cents per dozen.
In the mean time, I will be most happy to give any gentleman such information (if any further is needed) as shall enable him, with a little practice, to prepare them for himself. As to the enlarging of the canals, this is best accomplished when the root is not too much bent, by rotating in it a fine broach with the temper drawn to a spring, or it may, in part, be accomplished with properly-shaped hoes.
The Palmer pluggers, considerably attenuated by filing or grinding, answer a very good purpose for introducing and condensing the gold. In closing, I will say that in very much flattened canals the pulp is frequently split, and a part of it left in, while enough is brought away evidently reaching to the apex of the root to make the dentist feel certain that all has been removed. Attention to this fact will save some trouble to the patient.
Polpa dentária - um estudo sobre número de canais
PULP CAVITIES.
C. E. LATIMER, D.D.S.
"Prove all things, hold fast that which is good."
I AM forcibly reminded of the above when thinking over many errors in theory and practice obtained from my preceptor and others, which I have been, one after another, discovering and correcting; and it is with a view of calling attention to the importance of being "ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you, a reason of the hope that is in you," that I trespass upon the pages of the DENTAL COSMOS.
Our ideas, and even language, are liable to become stereotyped, and we express views, as our teachers have done, time out of mind. I have adopted the rule, and would recommend it to others, especially to those who always succeed, of asking myself,
Can I prove this idea? May not that opinion be a fallacy, after all?
Is it susceptible of demonstration?
I have been engaged recently in some investigations, the results of which have completely upset my previous opinions, and made me doubt whether I was really sure of anything; and, as some of your readers may be as sadly benighted as I was in this matter, I will lay the results of my research before them.
In order that I might work more understandingly in removing the pulps from fang canals and filling them, I collected a number of teeth of the different kinds, and cut them up with saw and excising forceps, in order to show the shape, position, and size of pulp canals,
when, to my surprise, instead of finding but two canals in the inferior molars, as I always supposed, I found as follows:
Whole number of inferior molars, (all having the usual two fangs,) thirty-four, of which
three have four nerve canals,
nineteen have three canals, and
twelve have two canals.
Of these twelve, seven have, by deposit of dentine down through the centre of the anterior fang, nearly produced the three canals;
and of the remaining five, three look as though they might thus close up and make three canals, leaving but two, which probably never would have had more than two nerves.
From the twelve teeth having but two nerves, I find eight with the large openings at the apices, indicating young teeth.
Those with four nerves were evidently very old teeth, with exceedingly small nerves. From what I have been able to learn, I come to the following conclusions:
That the inferior molars originally have but two nerves, but at about a certain age, (yet undetermined,) as calcification progresses, the nerve in the anterior fang becomes divided, beginning at the apex and proceeding upward, forming two nerves, and occasionally, at least at a later period, the posterior nerve may be divided in the same manner.
The same rule holds good, I think, with respect to the second superior bicuspids, although I have not yet been able to examine a sufficient number of these teeth to state positively.
Nearly all examined thus far, however, have the two canals.
I have commenced classifying those which I extract, according to the age of the patient, and hope to obtain, thereby, something definite upon this subject; and, permit me to suggest to others that, by a simple method of classification, they may be very materially aided in filling fangs.
I take a common tooth-brush box and pour a little melted max in the bottom, then, after clipping off the fangs so as to show the pulp canals, warm and press them into the wax in regular order, the different kinds by themselves. A good assortment well studied will, I hope, increase the ratio of our success.
Of course I do not write for those who "always extirpate the nerve thoroughly, and fill solidly with gold to the apex of the fangs."
NEW YORK, December, 1864.
C. E. LATIMER, D.D.S.
"Prove all things, hold fast that which is good."
I AM forcibly reminded of the above when thinking over many errors in theory and practice obtained from my preceptor and others, which I have been, one after another, discovering and correcting; and it is with a view of calling attention to the importance of being "ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you, a reason of the hope that is in you," that I trespass upon the pages of the DENTAL COSMOS.
Our ideas, and even language, are liable to become stereotyped, and we express views, as our teachers have done, time out of mind. I have adopted the rule, and would recommend it to others, especially to those who always succeed, of asking myself,
Can I prove this idea? May not that opinion be a fallacy, after all?
Is it susceptible of demonstration?
I have been engaged recently in some investigations, the results of which have completely upset my previous opinions, and made me doubt whether I was really sure of anything; and, as some of your readers may be as sadly benighted as I was in this matter, I will lay the results of my research before them.
In order that I might work more understandingly in removing the pulps from fang canals and filling them, I collected a number of teeth of the different kinds, and cut them up with saw and excising forceps, in order to show the shape, position, and size of pulp canals,
when, to my surprise, instead of finding but two canals in the inferior molars, as I always supposed, I found as follows:
Whole number of inferior molars, (all having the usual two fangs,) thirty-four, of which
three have four nerve canals,
nineteen have three canals, and
twelve have two canals.
Of these twelve, seven have, by deposit of dentine down through the centre of the anterior fang, nearly produced the three canals;
and of the remaining five, three look as though they might thus close up and make three canals, leaving but two, which probably never would have had more than two nerves.
From the twelve teeth having but two nerves, I find eight with the large openings at the apices, indicating young teeth.
Those with four nerves were evidently very old teeth, with exceedingly small nerves. From what I have been able to learn, I come to the following conclusions:
That the inferior molars originally have but two nerves, but at about a certain age, (yet undetermined,) as calcification progresses, the nerve in the anterior fang becomes divided, beginning at the apex and proceeding upward, forming two nerves, and occasionally, at least at a later period, the posterior nerve may be divided in the same manner.
The same rule holds good, I think, with respect to the second superior bicuspids, although I have not yet been able to examine a sufficient number of these teeth to state positively.
Nearly all examined thus far, however, have the two canals.
I have commenced classifying those which I extract, according to the age of the patient, and hope to obtain, thereby, something definite upon this subject; and, permit me to suggest to others that, by a simple method of classification, they may be very materially aided in filling fangs.
I take a common tooth-brush box and pour a little melted max in the bottom, then, after clipping off the fangs so as to show the pulp canals, warm and press them into the wax in regular order, the different kinds by themselves. A good assortment well studied will, I hope, increase the ratio of our success.
Of course I do not write for those who "always extirpate the nerve thoroughly, and fill solidly with gold to the apex of the fangs."
NEW YORK, December, 1864.
Características de um material obturador de canais radiculares
FITCH, C.P. Necrosis of the teeth. The Dental Cosmos. 6 (10): 538-540, 1865.
"The term necrosis is derived from the Greek word "nexpow", which signifies "I kill" Necrosis of the teeth may be partial or entire: partial where the pulp is destroyed; entire where the pulp and periodontium are both devitalized. Necrosis affects the animal life, and not the molecular integrity of the tooth, whereas caries destroys both its animal and molecular existence. It is to bone what gangrene is to the soft structures...."
"...The most frequent cause of partial necrosis is the exposure and death of the pulp, however produced. But frequently this condition arises from mechanical injury, destroying the pulp, if not implicating the health of the periodontal membrane. Quite often this condition arises from thermal changes communicated to the pulp from the presence of metallic stoppings. Absorption of the gum and alveolus from the neck and root of the tooth may, and often does, produces its death.
We inquire, can a tooth be rendered serviceable after partial necrosis has taken place? We answer decidedly in the affirmative. What are most efficient means to be adopted to secure this desirable result? Treat pathological conditions in an efficiente manner, in harmony with the laws of development, or, in other words, according to the measure of vitality recognized in these organs -
1st. Remove all irrtating agencies from around and within the tooth.
2d. Restore the lost structure, whether soft or hard, by some non-irritable and indestructible substance.
These positions, thus aphoristically stated, embrace an approximal restoration to normal complexion, by a resort to some bleaching process, by which process, the tooth structure is either relieved of substances within the tubuli of the tooth, or infiltrated by agents which entirely change its color.
The best methods of bleaching teeth I do not propose at this time to consider, but merely to call attention to the fact in passing.
It should be observed that there always exists an imperative necessity of supplying the loss of the pulp with a substance indestructible in its essential elements; non-irritant in its effects upon the contiguous structures; at the same time readily introduced to the apical foramen, and susceptible of being made impervious to fluids throughout the entire canal of the root; with the possibility of removal, if necessary.
Cotton slightly moistened in creosote possesses the above characteristics in an eminent degree.
Having indicated some general lines of thought in diagnois, causes, and treatmente of necrosis, I leave the subject for yours further consideration in the discussions of the evening."
"The term necrosis is derived from the Greek word "nexpow", which signifies "I kill" Necrosis of the teeth may be partial or entire: partial where the pulp is destroyed; entire where the pulp and periodontium are both devitalized. Necrosis affects the animal life, and not the molecular integrity of the tooth, whereas caries destroys both its animal and molecular existence. It is to bone what gangrene is to the soft structures...."
"...The most frequent cause of partial necrosis is the exposure and death of the pulp, however produced. But frequently this condition arises from mechanical injury, destroying the pulp, if not implicating the health of the periodontal membrane. Quite often this condition arises from thermal changes communicated to the pulp from the presence of metallic stoppings. Absorption of the gum and alveolus from the neck and root of the tooth may, and often does, produces its death.
We inquire, can a tooth be rendered serviceable after partial necrosis has taken place? We answer decidedly in the affirmative. What are most efficient means to be adopted to secure this desirable result? Treat pathological conditions in an efficiente manner, in harmony with the laws of development, or, in other words, according to the measure of vitality recognized in these organs -
1st. Remove all irrtating agencies from around and within the tooth.
2d. Restore the lost structure, whether soft or hard, by some non-irritable and indestructible substance.
These positions, thus aphoristically stated, embrace an approximal restoration to normal complexion, by a resort to some bleaching process, by which process, the tooth structure is either relieved of substances within the tubuli of the tooth, or infiltrated by agents which entirely change its color.
The best methods of bleaching teeth I do not propose at this time to consider, but merely to call attention to the fact in passing.
It should be observed that there always exists an imperative necessity of supplying the loss of the pulp with a substance indestructible in its essential elements; non-irritant in its effects upon the contiguous structures; at the same time readily introduced to the apical foramen, and susceptible of being made impervious to fluids throughout the entire canal of the root; with the possibility of removal, if necessary.
Cotton slightly moistened in creosote possesses the above characteristics in an eminent degree.
Having indicated some general lines of thought in diagnois, causes, and treatmente of necrosis, I leave the subject for yours further consideration in the discussions of the evening."
Cárie - em ossos...
A expressão cárie apesar de atualmente ser utilizada como sinônimo de cárie dentária, já foi utilizado amplamente para destruição (morte) de tecidos ósseos. Em uma aula na UFMG em 1998, um aluno perguntou-me sobre a expressão cárie dentária e se eu não poderia simplesmente denominar cárie, uma vez que só havia cárie em dentes. Tive que pesquisar depois da aula.
.
WHITE, J.D.. Caries and Necrosis of the Alveoli and maxillary bones. The Dental Cosmos. 6 (8): 417-9 , 1865.
"... Caries may be regarded as teh granular disintegration or molecular death of the osseuous tissue, conjoined with suppuration of the surrounding healthy parts; While necrosis must be looked upon as the death os the osseous tissue as a whole, a condition, indeed, closely resembling that of gangrene of the soft parts. While caries, however, chiefly affects the cancellous structures, necrosis is met with in the compact tissue of the bone, and far more frequently occurs in the shafts than in the articular end of the long bones."
"...Caries can scarcely be considered without, at the same time, discussing necrosis of the bones. Caries, according to Erichsen, properly means a disease of the bone, characterized by increased vascularity, softening, and ultimate disintegration of the osseous tissue. On examining a portion of carious bone it will be found to be porous and fragile, of a gray, brown, or blackish color; in parts broken down in softnede masses, and at others hollowed out into cells, which contain a reddish-brown and oily fluid...."
.
WHITE, J.D.. Caries and Necrosis of the Alveoli and maxillary bones. The Dental Cosmos. 6 (8): 417-9 , 1865.
"... Caries may be regarded as teh granular disintegration or molecular death of the osseuous tissue, conjoined with suppuration of the surrounding healthy parts; While necrosis must be looked upon as the death os the osseous tissue as a whole, a condition, indeed, closely resembling that of gangrene of the soft parts. While caries, however, chiefly affects the cancellous structures, necrosis is met with in the compact tissue of the bone, and far more frequently occurs in the shafts than in the articular end of the long bones."
"...Caries can scarcely be considered without, at the same time, discussing necrosis of the bones. Caries, according to Erichsen, properly means a disease of the bone, characterized by increased vascularity, softening, and ultimate disintegration of the osseous tissue. On examining a portion of carious bone it will be found to be porous and fragile, of a gray, brown, or blackish color; in parts broken down in softnede masses, and at others hollowed out into cells, which contain a reddish-brown and oily fluid...."
terça-feira, 16 de fevereiro de 2010
Endociclagem em 1864
THE DENTAL COSMOS, 6 (3): 151-152, 1864
THE TREATMENT OF PULP CAVITIES AND ROOT CANALS BEFORE FILLING
By Henry S. Chase, M.D.
Every one of experience knows how difficult it is to extirpate the vessels and nerves of the root canals after destroying the pulp. In many cases, of course, it is quite easily done; much easier in some classes of teeth than others; and more so in some mouths than others, even in the same classes of teeth, and where the position of the cavity is the same. When we can be sure that we have removed the contents of the root canals, I would advise the cavity to be immediately plugged, leaving at the distant extremity of each root a few fibres of lint moistened with creosote. When we are not sure that we have removed the whole, and in the molars, I think, this generally the case, I think it safer to wait a few days until decomposition has taken place in the vessels, which result accomplished, they can be syringed and sucked out. When the contents of the root canals have not been removed at all, I would apply nothing to the cavity after removing the pulp in the upper teeth, and would only plug with loosen cotton. The object is to have decomposion take place, which would be prevented by the application of creosote and similar remedies. When decomposition has taken place, the force of gravity will, to a certain extent, bring down the contents into the cotton. I think about three weeks a proper time to wait, after the death of the pulp, before filling, in this case. Then the roots should be thoroughly syringed out with tepid water, succeeded by alcohol, and, before plugging, wiped with creosote and tannin. In case of the under teeth, as the force of gravity would be likely to bring portions of the decomposed vessels through the roots, and there sets up periostitis, I would proceed differently. As soon as the pulp is dead, I removed it, and if the root canals cannot be evacuated, I saturate their contents with creosote and tannin; at the end of a week I syringe them thoroughly with alcohol, and saturate again with tinct. iodine. At the aspiration of another week I syringe again with alcohol, wipe with creosote and tannin, and immediately plug with metal, through I would never put in a permanent plug while any soreness of the tooth might start a suspicion of its permanency. I thing an instrument for removing the contents of the root canals might be made which would add very much to our sucess in treating this class of teeth. I believe a small but powerful suction pump or syringe could be made with different shaped nozzles or points, to which soft rubber should be adapted in such a manner as to make the cavity to which it might be applied nearly air-tight. If this could be done, we can readily perceive that the contents of the canals could be readily sucked out when somewhat decomposed, and that we could be very sure of thus cleansing them perfectly. I hope some of my professional brethren who are more ingenious, and better mechanics than myself , will construct an instrument of this kind. Even if it should be patented I will not refuse to patronize it.
Indepedence, Iowa.
THE TREATMENT OF PULP CAVITIES AND ROOT CANALS BEFORE FILLING
By Henry S. Chase, M.D.
Every one of experience knows how difficult it is to extirpate the vessels and nerves of the root canals after destroying the pulp. In many cases, of course, it is quite easily done; much easier in some classes of teeth than others; and more so in some mouths than others, even in the same classes of teeth, and where the position of the cavity is the same. When we can be sure that we have removed the contents of the root canals, I would advise the cavity to be immediately plugged, leaving at the distant extremity of each root a few fibres of lint moistened with creosote. When we are not sure that we have removed the whole, and in the molars, I think, this generally the case, I think it safer to wait a few days until decomposition has taken place in the vessels, which result accomplished, they can be syringed and sucked out. When the contents of the root canals have not been removed at all, I would apply nothing to the cavity after removing the pulp in the upper teeth, and would only plug with loosen cotton. The object is to have decomposion take place, which would be prevented by the application of creosote and similar remedies. When decomposition has taken place, the force of gravity will, to a certain extent, bring down the contents into the cotton. I think about three weeks a proper time to wait, after the death of the pulp, before filling, in this case. Then the roots should be thoroughly syringed out with tepid water, succeeded by alcohol, and, before plugging, wiped with creosote and tannin. In case of the under teeth, as the force of gravity would be likely to bring portions of the decomposed vessels through the roots, and there sets up periostitis, I would proceed differently. As soon as the pulp is dead, I removed it, and if the root canals cannot be evacuated, I saturate their contents with creosote and tannin; at the end of a week I syringe them thoroughly with alcohol, and saturate again with tinct. iodine. At the aspiration of another week I syringe again with alcohol, wipe with creosote and tannin, and immediately plug with metal, through I would never put in a permanent plug while any soreness of the tooth might start a suspicion of its permanency. I thing an instrument for removing the contents of the root canals might be made which would add very much to our sucess in treating this class of teeth. I believe a small but powerful suction pump or syringe could be made with different shaped nozzles or points, to which soft rubber should be adapted in such a manner as to make the cavity to which it might be applied nearly air-tight. If this could be done, we can readily perceive that the contents of the canals could be readily sucked out when somewhat decomposed, and that we could be very sure of thus cleansing them perfectly. I hope some of my professional brethren who are more ingenious, and better mechanics than myself , will construct an instrument of this kind. Even if it should be patented I will not refuse to patronize it.
Indepedence, Iowa.
Tratamento de abscesso alveolar - história
Fitch, CP. Treatment of Alveolar Abscess. The Dental Cosmos. 5 (10): 541-544, 1864.
"... in the first place, remove the cause of irritation, or suspend the action of the irritant. In the second place, recognize the stage of the inflammation and treat it. Thirdly, medicate the systemic lesion."
primeiro, remova a causa da irritação ou suspenda a ação do irritante. Depois identifique a fase inflamatória e trate-a, e finalmente, trate sistemicamente.
"Under the first head, which contemplates the removal of that which acts as an irritant, open the tooth fang, evacuate its contents, whether semi-devitalized pulp, pus, or sanies. Syringe with warm water and apply a dressing of creosote to the root canal, carried to the apex of the fang."
Para remover o irritante, abrir a cavidade dentária, esvaziar seu conteúdo, enxaguar com água aquecida e aplicar um curativo de creosato, colocando-o até o ápice do canal.
"... Renew the dressing every day. A few dressings of this kind will generally change the acction, producing a healthy exudate..... The fang and cavity of decay should be filled as soon as all periostal inflammation has disappeared."
Renove o curativo todo dia, até produzir um exsudato saudável... o canal e cavidade dentária deveria ser preenchida tão logo a inflamação periostal tenha desaparecido.
"
"... in the first place, remove the cause of irritation, or suspend the action of the irritant. In the second place, recognize the stage of the inflammation and treat it. Thirdly, medicate the systemic lesion."
primeiro, remova a causa da irritação ou suspenda a ação do irritante. Depois identifique a fase inflamatória e trate-a, e finalmente, trate sistemicamente.
"Under the first head, which contemplates the removal of that which acts as an irritant, open the tooth fang, evacuate its contents, whether semi-devitalized pulp, pus, or sanies. Syringe with warm water and apply a dressing of creosote to the root canal, carried to the apex of the fang."
Para remover o irritante, abrir a cavidade dentária, esvaziar seu conteúdo, enxaguar com água aquecida e aplicar um curativo de creosato, colocando-o até o ápice do canal.
"... Renew the dressing every day. A few dressings of this kind will generally change the acction, producing a healthy exudate..... The fang and cavity of decay should be filled as soon as all periostal inflammation has disappeared."
Renove o curativo todo dia, até produzir um exsudato saudável... o canal e cavidade dentária deveria ser preenchida tão logo a inflamação periostal tenha desaparecido.
"
domingo, 14 de fevereiro de 2010
Remoção da polpa dentária - história
M'Quillen, J H. Review of dental literature and art. The Dental Cosmos. V 1, N6, jan., 1860, p. 311-320.
No Journal Dental Science, Westcott descreve:
Método do Dr. Maynard de extirpar a polpa dentária
"... ao invés de tentar removê-la de uma vez, ele começa ampliando o orifício, alargando-o de forma a permitir remover o nervo sem pressionar o conteúdo da cavidade para dentro... ele utiliza sondas preparadas a partir de cordas de relógio, nas quais prepara farmas utilizando um lâmina afiada. Com diferentes tamanhos de sondas, e alargando a cavidade sucessivamente, remove o nervo até a extremidade da raiz".
No Journal Dental Science, Westcott descreve:
Método do Dr. Maynard de extirpar a polpa dentária
"... ao invés de tentar removê-la de uma vez, ele começa ampliando o orifício, alargando-o de forma a permitir remover o nervo sem pressionar o conteúdo da cavidade para dentro... ele utiliza sondas preparadas a partir de cordas de relógio, nas quais prepara farmas utilizando um lâmina afiada. Com diferentes tamanhos de sondas, e alargando a cavidade sucessivamente, remove o nervo até a extremidade da raiz".
Iniciando
Dando suporte à discussão sobre abordagem não instrumental para o tratamento endodôntico.
Objetiva discutir endodontia de uma forma ampla.
Objetiva discutir endodontia de uma forma ampla.
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